Interesting Facts About European Green Crab

Green crabs (Carcinus maenas) are relatively small, with a carapace  of about four inches across. Their coloration varies from green to brown to reddish-orange. While commonly found in tide pools along the East Coast of the United States from Delaware to Nova Scotia, this now-abundant species is not native to America. Fast Facts: Green Crab Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaSubphylum: CrustaceanClass: MalacostracaOrder: DecapodaFamily: PortunidaeGenus: CarcinusSpecies: maenas Feeding The green crab is a voracious predator, feeding primarily on other crustaceans and bivalves such as softshell clams, oysters, and scallops. The green crab moves quickly and is quite dexterous. Its also capable of adapting. Its prey-catching skills actually improve while foraging as it learns where the prime hunting areas are and how to best catch available prey. Reproduction and Life Cycle Green crabs are estimated to live up to five years. Females of the species can produce up to 185,000 eggs at a time. Females molt once a year and are very vulnerable until a new shell hardens. During this time, males guard females by pairing with them in pre-molt cradling to defend them from predators and other males. Green crabs generally mate toward the end of summer. A few months after mating, the egg sac appears, which the females carry through winter and spring. In May or June, hatchlings are released in the form of free-swimming plankton larvae that move with the tides of the water column for 17 to 80 days before settling to the bottom. Green crab larvae spend most of their first summer progressing through a series of stages until they reach  megalopa—mini versions of adult crabs that still have a tail used for swimming. In a final molt, the larvae lose their tails and emerge as juvenile crabs with a carapace measuring about two millimeters across. Why Are Green Crabs So Wide-Ranging? Green crab populations have expanded rapidly since spreading out from their native range, which lies along the Atlantic coast of Europe and northern Africa. Once they are introduced, they compete with native shellfish and other animals for prey and habitat. In the 1800s, the species was transported to Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Its thought they arrived in the ballast water of ships, or in seaweed that was used to pack seafood, although some have been transported for the purposes of aquaculture, while others may have made the trip on water currents. Today, green crabs are plentiful along the eastern coast of the United States from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to Delaware. In 1989, green crabs were also discovered in San Francisco Bay, and now populate waters of the West Coast as far north as British Columbia. Green crabs have also been recorded in Australia, Sri Lanka, South Africa, and Hawaii. Impact of Global Warming on Green Crab Populations Until recently, the proliferation of green crabs in American coastal waters has been offset by cold winters, but with the onset of warmer summers, their numbers are on the rise. Warmer climates have also been linked to an upswing in the green crabs growth cycle.   Between 1979 and 1980, Michael Berrill, a professor (now emeritus) at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario Canada—whose research involved the behavioral ecology, conservation, and the impact  of environmental stresses on species survival—observed the growth rate and mating cycles of green crabs in the coastal waters off Maine. A comparison between findings from that study and more recent ones shows that green crabs are growing larger much sooner thanks to the prolonged growing season that results from having more months of warm water temperatures. Since female green crabs become sexually mature not when they reach a certain age, but rather, a certain size, the increasing growth rate is also affecting the mating cycle. According to the 1980s research, females generally reproduced in their third year. Its believed that with warmer waters and faster growth cycles, some crabs now are reproducing as early as their second year. As a result, the burgeoning population of green crabs is likely putting certain prey species at risk. According to a statement from Maine Community Science Investigations (CSI-Maine), this may prove devastating to some species on which green crabs prey—especially softshell clams. Research presented by Dr. Brian Beal and colleagues of the Downeast Institute indicates that at least along the coast of Maine, green crabs are responsible for a substantial decline in softshell clam populations. Sources MIT Sea Grant. 2009. Introduced Species. MIT Sea Grant Center for Coastal Resources. National Heritage Trust. 2009. European Shore Crab (Carcinus maenas). National Introduced Marine Pest Information System, CRIMP No. 6275. Perry, Harriet. 2009. Carcinus maenas. USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FloridaPrince William Sound Regional Citizens Advisory Council. 2004. Green Crab (Carcinus maenas). Non-Indigenous Aquatic Species of Concern for Alaska. The Green Crab  Lifecycle. CSI-Maine.Beal, B. F. (2006). Relative importance of predation and intraspecific competition in regulating growth and survival of juveniles of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria L., at several spatial scales.  Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology,  336(1), 1–17.Berrill, Michael. (1982). The Life Cycle of the Green Crab Carcinus maenas at the Northern End of Its Range.  Journal of Crustacean Biology,  2(1), 31–39.

On James Weldon Johnson’s “The Autobiography of an...

When the narrator of Johnson’s novel falls in love, it is to music he turns to express that emotion to his intended one (149). She in turn answered in kind, letting the notes and tempo combine with her words in expression of her love returned to him. The relevance of music in Johnson’s novel should not be undercut by the other issues within the confines of his text. Exploring the meaning of this inclusion will be to explore the theme of music itself. It will encompass the examination of the style of music, the generation in which the story takes place along with the issues of race. Johnson’s use of music to develop a story line and illuminate the various issues and themes of his novel is a demonstration of his love of the art form along†¦show more content†¦This is fitting with the rest of the narrator’s description of these times. The closeness of mother and son, the evenings usually ending with the boy in his mother’s arms while she †Å"croon [s} some old melody without words† (5). The narrator notes during these times, his mother would look into the fire â€Å"with great dark eyes, †¦to where? No one knew but her† (5). This image personifies a surreal moment when music takes the heart and mind to another time and place. The two were in harmony with each other, he forming the background of her existence while she lived each day in a pleasing manner of daily routine and motherly instruction. From this the narrator takes the reader through the development of his attachment to the art form. His talent, which expanded during his young childhood and the early thumping on the piano, evolved into his adulthood styling of ragtime. His early instruction happened in the form of a woman and her daughter, each of whom taught the young narrator in music and in general education. This formed a basic foundation in the fundamentals of music which enabled the narrator to build his musical repertoire. Later and w ith the aid of a new instructor, the label of â€Å"infant prodigy† was used to describe the level of talent in possession of the narrator (18). The author employs much into the descriptions of the narrator’s early development in music and his training, not only in hymns and old melodies, but in the classics also.Show MoreRelatedPassing in James Weldon Johnson’s The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man1105 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1912, The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man was anonymously published by James Weldon Johnson. It is the narrative of a light-skinned man wedged between two racial categories; the offspring of a white father and a black mother, The Ex-Colored man is visibly white but legally classified as black. Wedged between these two racial categories, the man chooses to â€Å"pass† to the white society. In Passing: When People Can’t Be Who They Are, Brooke Kroeger describes â€Å"passing† as an act when â€Å"people effectively Read More James Weldon Johnson Essay654 Words   |  3 PagesJames Weldon Johnson James Weldon Johnson (1871-1938), was a highly talented and celebrated African American writer. He was a poet, songwriter, novelist, literary critic, and essayist. Along with his wide-ranging literary accomplishments, Johnson also served as a school principal, professor of literature at Fisk University, attorney, a diplomatic consul for the United States in Venezuelaand Nicaragua, and secretary for the NAACP from 1920-1930. He is considered one of the founders of the HarlemRead MoreAmerican Architecture : Constructing An Identity1434 Words   |  6 Pagesidentities have been at the epicenter of many works of art throughout American culture as can be seen in: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets by Stephen Crane, film â€Å"Modern Times,† Bessie Smith’s â€Å"T’ain’t Nobody’s Bizness If I Do,† and James Weldon Johnson’s Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man. For starters, both Maggie: A Girl of the Streets by Crane and â€Å"Modern Times† describe a woman with a lack of agency. Cranes novel focuses on the central figure of Maggie. Maggie exemplifies a woman that comes from a poorRead More Racial Identity in The Autobiography of an Ex-colored Man Essay1327 Words   |  6 Pagesduring this period, one must take a look at its literature. James Weldon Johnson does an excellent job of vividly depicting an accurate portrait of the adversities faced before the Civil Rights Movement by the black community in his novel â€Å"The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man.† One does not only read this book, but instead one takes a journey alongside a burdened mulatto man as he struggles to claim one race as his own. In Johnsons novel, the young mulatto boy is at first completely unawareRead MoreThe Identity Of African Americans1758 Words   |  8 PagesRace was a primary factor used to shape the identity of African Americans which was seen through their culture. Race is portrayed through the narratives such as The life of Frederick Douglas by Frederick Douglass and the Autobiography of an Ex-colored man by James Weldon Johnson. In both the narratives, they state they are slaves due their race. First, this idea is supported in the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass when he states in the preface, â€Å"he was a slave â€Å"too (Douglass 325).Read MoreThe Autobiography Of An Former Colored Man Essay2265 Words   |  10 PagesMcGivern, 328). However, issuing social categories based on race or ethnicity links to biased regulations and practices. Johnson’s novel, The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, examines ways racial identity is socially constructed through the segregation of Jim Crow Laws, the act of passing off† another race, and through practices of lynching. The Autobiography of an Ex Colored Man explores the way racial identity is socially constructed within legally sanctioned forms of racism and discriminationRead MoreJames Weldon Johnson s The Autobiography Of An Former Colored Man And Nella Larsen s Passing3489 Words   |  14 PagesThe Theme of Passing, Racial Prejudice and Internalized Racism in James Weldon Johnson’s The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man and Nella Larsen’s Passing The concept of racial passing refers to the occurrence in which an individual is able to transcend racial boundaries. During the Harlem Renaissance, the term â€Å"passing† meant to signify mixed race individuals who were light skinned enough to pass as white and mingle freely within white society, almost completely undetected. This was significantRead MoreThe Autobiography Of An Former Colored Man By James Weldon Johnson Essay2267 Words   |  10 PagesThe Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, James Weldon Johnson James Weldon Johnson’s novel The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man was first published in 1912. This novel is one of the highly celebrated works during the Harlem Renaissance although it was published prior in 1912. Johnson graduated from Clark Atlanta University in 1894. He was appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt as United States consul to Venezuela and Nicaragua. He also was highly involved in the Harlem Renaissance with hisRead MoreAn Ex Colored Mans Moments Of Being Essay1773 Words   |  8 PagesAn Ex-Colored Man’s Moments of Being Of the many concepts Virginia Woolf has made in her works, the idea of â€Å"moments of being† in her autobiography, â€Å"A Sketch of the Past,† is of special interest because of its possible applicability to other works of literature which focus on the composition of life. After reading the fictitious â€Å"Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man† by James Weldon Johnson, one could wonder how Woolf’s concept is evident or not so evident in Johnson’s narration in order to test theRead MoreRacial Segregation And Jim Crow Essay2143 Words   |  9 Pageswhite supremacy place on African American life. Racism and Jim Crow were always backed by the threat of violence, moreover, the southern race relations† (Holloway, â€Å"Jim Crow Wisdom: Memory and Identity in Black America since 1940†). The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man takes place during the Jim Crow era displaying the challenges and obstacles African Americans faced during this time. â€Å"Johnson devotes much of his attention to the black middle and upper classes, their constant struggles to hang onto

Global Change free essay sample

The concept of civil society was reinvented in the late 1980s in response to the rapid market development and the end of the Cold War. The collapse of the Soviet Union marked the rapid development of global market due to higher international security. Market development gradually leads to the development of civil society for two reasons: Firstly, the middle class helps to fight more freedom from the government as they want to gain more and more control of themselves. This situation, allows spaces for civil society to develop. Some donors search for NGOs to implement their civic or economic related interests and visions. 1 Secondly, the retreat of the â€Å"welfare† states in western countries further triggers the emergence of civil society as people want to address the problem themselves instead of solely depending on the invisible hand of the free market. Hong Kong, which is recognized as a newly industrialized economy (NIE) has adopted the minimal-interventionist principle in economic development for a long Low tax rate and free market policies are the priorities of the Hong Kong government. Civil society is said to be very important in the implementation of democracy as civil society is a representation of diverse interests of the people. In the planning system of Hong Kong, though the government was willing to involve more public participation in the process with the increasing force of democratization between 1990 and 1997, the role of civil society in planning policy formulation and implementation was not yet clear. According to the experiences of some UK cities, partnership between civil society and the local governments can facilitate sustainable development. It is yet to know whether such kind of partnership is possible in Hong Kong or not. So the aim of this paper is to find out the challenges and opportunities of mobilizing partnership between the government and civil society. Aims of the study This paper aims to explore the challenges and opportunities in fostering partnership between civil society and the government in the planning system of Hong Kong. This paper is based on the central argument that civil society organizations (â€Å"CSOs†) should play significant role in the planning system to explore the challenges and opportunities. It is argued that CSOs are important for promoting more effective idea in the policy planning in terms of reflecting the needs of the locals as well as the moral values neglected by both market and the government. It is believed that the challenges and opportunities are not that straightforward to be understood as they should involve a lot of other factors. These factors are to be examined in order to provide a clearer picture for the analysis. Structure of the paper This study is composed of six sections:- Session I begins with an introduction. It states the purpose of this paper and the content structure. Section II is the theoretical framework established for understanding the theoretical meaning of civil society and the importance of partnership between the government and the CSOs. Section III is the background about development of citizenship in Hong Kong. It is found that the civil society in Hong Kong is becoming mature. Section IV discusses on the six major factors contributing to the challenges in the relationship between the government and the civil society. Section V seeks to study real-life cases to further strengthen the argument that CSOs should play significant role in the planning system. Section VI, the final section of this paper. It summarizes all the key issues discussed in this paper and highlights the importance of the role of CSOs in planning system.   Defining â€Å"Civil Society† The definitions and meaning of civil society in different mainstream theories are explored and outlined in Appendix 1. The interpretation of civil society by Aristotle is now widely recognized as autonomy, not under direct state control. It emphasized on the formation of government based on voluntary willingness of people and universal election in order to guarantee sovereignty of citizens (for Locke) and the freedom of civil society (for Rousseau). The existing political system in Hong Kong is different as the HKSAR government is not directly elected by the citizens. Hong Kong people can only elect some of the legislative councilors, who act as delegates to deal with legislative issues; and district councilors, who are serving as advisors of the government. The sovereignty is just partly in the hand of Hong Kong people. In fact, the situation of Hong Kong is closer to the idea of Hegel that civil society and family together form the state. Civil society is actually functioning as a partly autonomy body under the government of Hong Kong. However, civil society should perform a more active role in the system in order to balance the power of the state and the market for the benefit of the public. So Friedmanns definition of civil society will be applied to support the empowerment of civil society. Civil society, as an association of individual interests, should grow up to balance the power of the state. His definition also separates the concept of market from civil society, which is applicable in the situation of Hong Kong. Friedmann(1998) states that civil society must be seen as standing in â€Å"opposition† to the corporate economy. The relationship of civil society and the market should not be neglected when we understand the relationship of the government and the civil society. 2 To sum up, the combination of Friedmanns and Hegel’s definition of civil society is applied in this paper. Civil society is defined as a sphere without direct state control, but is not totally separated from the state. The participation in civil society is based on voluntary willingness and it is actually an association of various individual interests. It is different from the concepts of corporate economy and family, but they are related to some extent. Civil society may not necessarily oppose to the corporate economy, but they may interplay to produce good results. Civil society should be empowered to balance the power of the government and market.

Toxicological Issues at a Hazardous Waste Site

An Overview of the Report This report is about an industrial site that has been used for discarding wastes by two companies. The companies have been operating for a period close to sixty years. The site is situated on the upper side of a residential area and separated by an approximate distance of one mile.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Toxicological Issues at a Hazardous Waste Site specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Running through the site is a stream that serves the community in some ways. First, the stream is an income-generating source as it is a prominent fishing ground. There is an underground water withdrawal point at the site that is used to bring in water to the residents. The villagers pump water from the stream to their nearby farms for irrigation. There are however, few environmental negative aspects noted at the waste site. Approaching the site, a strong pungent smell from chemicals release d by the two companies hits the air. A critical evaluation of the site reveals that there one hundred drums that unfortunately are not marked. The drums are rusting and most of them have cracked. Further evaluation leads to the finding of various hazardous wastes that include PCBs, Chromium wastes, Acrylamide and Toluene Diisocynate (DTI). Thesis Statement This report was written after a visit to the site and it seeks to analyze the environmental conditions at the site, find the toxicants, their routes of exposure along with the mechanisms of toxicity. The report makes recommendations on the actions that should be taken to avert an epidemic and other toxicological effects that could be caused by toxicants. This is after an analysis of the exposure limits of the toxicants and the assessment of the risks at the site.Advertising Looking for research paper on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Analysis of the Wastes The haza rdous wastes found at site are industrial products discarded by the companies and by-products of the manufacturing processes. The wastes are a mixture of solids, gases, sludge, and liquids. The wastes are dangerous and harmful to the environment and human health. PCBs These are the Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) wastes. They are compounds of hydrocarbons and are mainly synthetic (Deng, 1990). Their level of toxicity varies and widely ranges depending on their color i.e. whether they are yellow, black, waxy solids or if they are light-colored liquids. They are common in industries because they are the main components of insulators. Industrial products that contain PCBs include most electrical equipment such as capacitors, electromagnets, voltage regulators, transformers, and reclosers. Cable insulators and other materials that make thermal insulators such as foam, fiberglass, and felt also have PCB. The PCBs at the site are exposed to the environment during the manufacturing processe s. This is in addition to the poor mechanisms of dumping wastes used by the companies. The maintenance of the site is poor. This increases the exposure levels making the wastes more hazardous. Keen observation of the site also revealed that there were leaches streaming into the site. This could only mean that the companies have some of their waste storage tanks poorly maintained. PCBs do not rot. They create a cycle around the soil, air, and water for many years. They are carried as loads and moved to far of distances if found in water Just like other toxicants, PCBs have bioaccumulative effects. This is mainly in animals and crops used for human consumption.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Toxicological Issues at a Hazardous Waste Site specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the site fish from the stream and the irrigated crops have huge amounts of the toxicant. The toxicological effects of PCBs are many a nd varied (Flora, 1987). A part from causing cancer, they impair the nervous system, endocrine system, and the reproductive system. Research by health practitioners confirms that PCBs have both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects. The most common PCB mixture associated with cancer is bioaccumulative in fish. Residents therefore, feed on fish that is exposed to PCB. They are at a greater risk than the workers in the two companies are. Exposure to PCB cuts the power of the body to respond to environmental stimulants. It also decreases the power of the body to resist Epstein-Barr virus. PCB is likely to cut the size of thymus gland. From the reproductive front, they cut the weight of the offspring at birth, men can also experience low sperm count and a shorter gestation age in women. The manufacture of PCBs was however, banned in 1979 and the government does not allow any exposure limits. Chromium Waste The second hazardous waste discovered at the site was chromium waste. Chromiu m is a steel metal that is hard and gray in color. The industries using the site as a waste site have for more than sixty years used Chromium in the manufacture of Stainless steel and as a component of other alloys of metals because it does not rust even at high temperatures. The companies also use it in getting average paint pigments be it yellow, green, or even red (Gosselin, 1984). It is also used in the treatment of wood along with making chrome plates. In small amounts, the companies use it in catalysts, water treatment, making magnetic tapes and photographic chemicals. Chromium is useful to the human body as it strengthens insulin and eases the metabolism of glucose and other sugars.Advertising Looking for research paper on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The companies release Hexavalent Chromium and other Chromium wastes to the site. The wastes have carcinogenic effects. The exposure of Chromium wastes to the environment usually contaminates the air. Combustion activities within the two companies led squarely to this. Elements of Chromium wastes react with dust particles from the environment to form very toxic substances with the potential to damage the health of residents. The leaches from waste storage tanks that are poorly maintained by the company directly mixes with water in the stream. The solids wastes are discarded improperly at the site and they contaminate stream water used for fishing and irrigation. The leaching waste contaminates drinking water in the area. Further exposure of Chromium waste to people near the site comes from the waste slag. This is inhaled as it comes by wind erosion. They also consume fish that is exposed and through skin contact with soils as they use the steam water during irrigation. The environmen t in this area and its vicinity provides the largest exposure source to Chromium wastes. This includes chemical effluents, airborne emissions, and asbestos linings. In general, it could be said that Chromium gets into the human body through consumption of fish, inhalation of emissions from the companies and skin absorption during irrigation. The regulations guiding Chromium by the government are meant to protect the public from its unpleasant effects. The government through the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) restricts to a maximum of eight hours exposure limits to five micrograms of Chromium per cubic meter of air. This cuts down the industrial risk to health impairment. The risks include developing asthma and damaging both the skin and nasal epithelia. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has regulated the amount of Chromium emissions into the air from 1990 to date. Acrylamide Acrylamide has carcinogenic effects and is a reproductive toxin. Its components are found in liquid form at the site and in the stream. It is highly toxic in this form as it can be inhaled; absorbed through the skin as residents work on their farms using contaminated water and consumed when the residents feed on fish. The companies use Acrylamide in the manufacture of plastic polymers in addition to synthesizing dyes and construction of tunnels that serve to dispose their by-products to the dumping site. The exposure of Acrylamide is largely through wastes as the companies’ use it in sieving industrial wastes to remove solids (Manahan, 1990). In the end, they discard it with water. Acrylamide has a vapour density of 2.5 and very soluble in water. It contaminates the stream interfering with the living environment for fish. This complements it’s almost colorless nature. Following the unprotected way it is disposed, its effects tend to be very adverse. Toluene Diisocynate From the analysis of the site, it is clear that the two companies emit TDI. It s toxicological effect is high, as it does not dissolve in water. The main route of exposure of Toluene is through inhalation. Small amounts of TDI cause irritation to the lungs and the respiratory tract. OSHA allows its exposure levels to a maximum of 0.02 ppm yet people close to factories can inhale as much as 2.1 ppm. This is one hundred times more than the exposure limits. Workers in the two companies are at the risk of contacting asphyxiation if their rooms are poorly ventilated. Children in the residential areas are at the receiving end of TDI too. The risks increase because of the economic activities in the area i.e. fishing and irrigation. Contact with the skin causes irritation and may result in inflammation of the mucous membrane. NIOSH IDLH puts the exposure limits of TDI to a scale of 2.5 ppm as an immediate danger to health and life (Toxic, 2000). Overall Risk Assessment An analysis of the above conditions clearly explains that the environment and the residents near the site are at risk. The toxicological effects of the available toxicants are bioaccumulative. The outbreak of other diseases is eminent and therefore the government ought to take the initiative to avert a looming health crisis. Men, women, and children may contact diseases some of which are contagious. Recommendation Based on the research conducted at the site, it is highly recommended that the government health departments put protective measures in place because the residents are exposed to various risks that can cause diseases now and in future. Other effects could mean that children exposed to the toxicants could develop complications in their late twenties. This report could as well form part of the preliminary research process by the department. It should move fast and work in collaboration with the two companies and the residents in addressing the hazardous effects of the wastes at the site. This should include taking proper care of the site by first undertaking a thorough cle aning exercise. This will make sure that fish from the stream is safe for human consumption. Water used for irrigation will also be safe for use, as the mixed chemicals will be removed. Examining the numerical relationship between the exposure levels and effects of the toxicants it is possible that villagers are exposed to too much toxins. The government should stop this, as the consequences could be unmanageable. A study should be conducted to show the extent to which the toxicants explained above have affected the environment with corrective measures put in place. References Deng, J (1990). Veterinary and Human Toxicology. New York: Oxford Press. Flora, D (1987). Circadian reduction of Chromium. New York: Oxford Press. Gosselin, R (1984). Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. New York: Williams Wilkins. Manahan, S (1990). Hazardous Waste Chemistry. New York: CRC-Press. Toxic, A. (2000). Toxicological profile for Chromium. New York: Government Press. This research paper on Toxicological Issues at a Hazardous Waste Site was written and submitted by user Brielle L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Misbehaved Savages in Lord of the Flies Essays

Misbehaved Savages in Lord of the Flies Essays Misbehaved Savages in Lord of the Flies Essay Misbehaved Savages in Lord of the Flies Essay Essay Topic: Lord Of the Flies In the novel Lord of the Flies, by William Golding, the boys change from well educated and behaved, to savages. This is all caused by actions on the island such as hunger, age, fear, and Jacks decisions. Jack is a selfish character and creates violent situations; as long as he has what he needs, he has no care about the others. In the beginning of the novel, Jack is a 12 year old boy who wants to become chief since he was the leader of his choir. As Jack leaves and starts his own tribe, Ralph and Piggy discuss what they thinkwhat is causing conflict on island. Piggy states, â€Å"I dunno, Ralph I expect its him. â€Å"Jack?† â€Å"Jack.† A taboo was evolving around that word too. Ralph nodded solemnly. â€Å"Yes, I suppose it must be† (140. Golding). This discussion between Piggy and Ralph portray the blame Jack has for causing all the chaos and problems on the island. Another conflict that occurs is when jack realizes that they have no way of lighting a fire without Piggys glasses. When they asked what they are going to do Jack replies, â€Å"We’ll raid them and take fire.† (136. Golding).Jack wants to be a rebel and take the fire from them, instead of doing the right thing and asking for some. As the novel ends, you can see that when Eric and Sam talk to Ralph the nove l states â€Å"Theyre going to hunt you tomorrow† (188. Golding).Portrays the savage attitude Jack and his tribe have become; from hunting pigs to human beings. Jack went from being a humble, british school boy to being a complete savage. The conch is a main symbol of the novel; the boys use it as a way of peacefully communicating, but instead creates violence. Such as when Jack and Ralph are debating on Jacks side of the island, as Ralph brings up the conch Jack replies, â€Å"the conch doesnt count at this end of the island.† (150. Golding).Jack is indirectly saying that order doesnt count. You can see the order doesnt count on the island when â€Å"The rock str

Biography of Christopher Columbus, Italian Explorer

Biography of Christopher Columbus, Italian Explorer Christopher Columbus (c. October 31, 1451–May 20, 1506) was an Italian explorer who led voyages to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America. His exploration of these areas paved the way for European colonization. Since his death, Columbus has been criticized for his treatment of Native Americans in the New World. Fast Facts: Christopher Columbus Known For: Columbus completed four voyages to the New World on behalf of Spain, preparing the way for European colonization.Born: October 31, 1451 in GenoaDied: May 20, 1506  in Castile, Spain Early Life Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa (now Italy) in 1451 to Domenico Colombo, a middle-class wool weaver, and Susanna Fontanarossa. Though little is known about his childhood, it is assumed that he was well-educated because he was able to speak several languages as an adult and had considerable knowledge of classical literature. He is known to have studied the works of Ptolemy and Marinus, among others. Columbus first took to the sea when he was 14 years old, and he continued to sail throughout the rest of his youth. During the 1470s, he went on numerous trading trips that took him to the Aegean Sea, Northern Europe, and possibly Iceland. In 1479, he met his brother Bartolomeo, a mapmaker, in Lisbon. He later married Filipa Moniz Perestrello, and in 1480 his son Diego was born. The family stayed in Lisbon until 1485, when Columbus wife Filipa died. From there, Columbus and Diego moved to Spain, where Columbus began trying to obtain a grant to explore western trade routes. He believed that because the earth was a sphere, a ship could reach the Far East and set up trading routes in Asia by sailing west. For years, Columbus proposed his plans to the Portuguese and Spanish kings, but he was turned down each time. Finally, after the Moors were expelled from Spain in 1492, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella reconsidered his requests. Columbus promised to bring back gold, spices, and silk from Asia, to spread Christianity, and to explore China. In return, he asked to be made admiral of the seas and governor of discovered lands. First Voyage After receiving significant funding from the Spanish monarchs, Columbus set sail on August 3, 1492, with three ships- the Pinta, Nina, and Santa Maria- and 104 men. After a short stop at the Canary Islands to resupply and make minor repairs, the ships set out across the Atlantic. This voyage took five weeks- longer than Columbus had expected, as he believed the world was much smaller than it is. During this time, many of the crew members became ill and some died from diseases, hunger, and thirst. Finally, at 2 a.m. on October 12, 1492, sailor Rodrigo de Triana sighted land in the area of what is now the Bahamas. When Columbus reached the land, he believed it was an Asian island and named it San Salvador. Because he did not find any riches here, Columbus decided to continue sailing in search of China. Instead, he ended up visiting Cuba and Hispaniola. On November 21, 1492, the Pinta and its crew left to explore on its own. On Christmas Day, the Santa Maria wrecked off the coast of Hispaniola. Because there was limited space on the lone Nina, Columbus had to leave about 40 men behind at a fort they named Navidad. Soon after, Columbus set sail for Spain, where he arrived on March 15, 1493, completing his first voyage west. Second Voyage After the success of finding this new land, Columbus set sail west again on September 23, 1493, with 17 ships and 1,200 men. The purpose of this second journey was to establish colonies in the name of Spain, check on the crew at Navidad, and continue the search for riches in what Columbus still thought was the Far East. On November 3, the crew members sighted land and found three more islands: Dominica, Guadeloupe, and Jamaica, which Columbus thought were islands off of Japan. Because there were still no riches to be found, the crew went on to Hispaniola, only to discover that the fort of Navidad had been destroyed and the crew killed after they mistreated the indigenous population. At the site of the fort, Columbus established the colony of Santo Domingo, and after a battle in 1495 he conquered the entire island of Hispaniola. He then set sail for Spain in March 1496 and arrived in Cadiz on July 31. Third Voyage Columbus’s third voyage began on May 30, 1498, and took a more southern route than the previous two. Still searching for China, Columbus found Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, and Margarita on July 31. He also reached the mainland of South America. On August 31, he returned to Hispaniola and found the colony of Santo Domingo there in shambles. After a government representative was sent to investigate the problems in 1500, Columbus was arrested and sent back to Spain. He arrived in October and was able to successfully defend himself against the charges of treating both the locals and the Spaniards poorly. Fourth and Final Voyage Columbus final voyage began on May 9, 1502, and he arrived in Hispaniola in June. He was forbidden from entering the colony, so he continued to explore areas nearby. On July 4, he set sail again and later found Central America. In January 1503, he reached Panama and found a small amount of gold but was forced out of the area by those who lived there. After encountering numerous problems, Columbus set sail for Spain on November 7, 1504. After he arrived there, he settled with his son in Seville. Death After Queen Isabella died on November 26, 1504, Columbus tried to regain his governorship of Hispaniola. In 1505, the king allowed him to petition but did nothing. One year later, Columbus became ill, and he died on May 20, 1506. Legacy Because of his discoveries, Columbus is often venerated, notably in the Americas where places such as the District of Columbia bear his name and where many people celebrate Columbus Day. Despite this fame, however, Columbus was not the first to visit the Americas. Long before Columbus, various indigenous peoples had settled and explored different areas of the Americas. In addition, Norse explorers had already visited portions of North America. Leif Ericson is believed to have been the first European to visit the area and set up a settlement in the northern portion of Canadas Newfoundland some 500 years before the arrival of Columbus. Columbuss major contribution to geography is that he was the first to visit and settle in these new lands, effectively bringing a new area of the world to the forefront of the popular imagination. Sources Morison, Samuel Eliot.  The Great Explorers: the European Discovery of America. Oxford University Press, 1986.Phillips, William D., and Carla Rahn Phillips.  The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge University Press, 2002.

Policemen and Firefighter jobs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Policemen and Firefighter jobs - Essay Example There are many things that these two careers have in common. However, each career includes features that set it apart as unique form the other. There is a very big difference between being a police officer and being a firefighter. When one has to choose between the two they are not called upon to make a very easy choice, although some are predisposed by their opinions to choose one or the other. Each person has their own particular reasons why they prefer the career that they chose. Some of the similarities of these two positions can be found in Table 1. Differences will be listed latter in this paper. There are three main points at which these career paths vary form one another. The careers of police and firefighters differ in purpose, perception, and priority. Table 1: Similarities between Police and Firefighters Police Firefighter Danger on the Job Danger on the Job Working with the public Working with the public Specialty Training required Specialty Training Required Government J ob Government Job Team Work Required Team Work Required Requires Organizational Skills Requires Organizational Skills Requires courage Requires Courage As listed in Table 1, both police and firefighters are exposed to danger when on the job. The danger of being a police officer comes mainly from dealing with criminals. Officers can be shot or otherwise hurt by violence. Many police officers die in the line of duty. It was reported that 56 American police officers were killed feloniously in 2010 (FBI National Press Office 2011).They also face a risk from injury when in purist of a suspect. The high speed car chases that they engage in can end in a horrible car crash. The danger imposed upon firefighters are not caused more often by people, but by natural elements, namely fire. It was reported that 87 firefighters were killed on the job in 2010, a figure that is higher than that of the police (USFA n.d.). Firefighters stand the risk of being burnt alive in an exploding building. Of co urse, one cannot fail to mention the September 11 attach on the world trade center where hundreds of firefighters were killed, although there were some police officers who also lost their lives. Firefighters also can die from smoke inhalation or expose to other chemicals. Many firefighters also serve as EMT’s (Emergency Medical Technicians) and can be placed in danger by being exposed to infectious patients. Both being a police officer and a firefighter are jobs that come with some risk of mortality. The positions of police officer and firefighter both require that the people works with the vernal public. After all, these are service jobs and these officers and firefighters work to grant serve to the genital population. The motto of many police districts contain the notions that the purpose of a police officer is to protect the public and serve them. Police officers do not just go around arresting people they think has committed a crime. They settle disputes among neighbors a nd even refer homeless people to shelters. They also work in monitoring and do odd jobs like directing traffic in the event of an accident or other emergency. Firefighters do a lot of the general public as well. They save people from burring buildings and perform inspections to ensure that homes are safe from the advent of a fire. These two careers are also similar in that they are both government jobs that requires specialized training. In order to become police officer, trainees must spend weeks living at an

Utilitarian Issues Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Utilitarian Issues - Case Study Example The final utilitarian issue to be explored is whether the company should just honour the obligations of its shareholders and stop the contract with the pacemaker company. Utility Test The utility test looks into several factors in choosing the best approach to solving a dilemma. Using the utility test we have to deduce the outcomes of the decision to be undertaken by the board of directors of the transistor company. Several solutions will be put forward for consideration and the best decision that will be chosen will concentrate on the happiness of all stakeholders. Step 1: In the case of the transistor company and the pacemaker company. Several solutions exist and we have to choose the best alternative other than the suggested solution. The first step would be for the directors to analyze the results of their intended decision. In this case, we take a look at the three solutions put forward by different directors. The main criteria to be used in deciding the best solution will facto r in happiness, the directors’ preferences and the cost of undertaking the decided solution (Mill 66). Step 2: Using the utility test, we look at the solutions brought forward by the different stakeholders. The first solution will analyze the effect on the company being bought and on its shareholders and employees. ... However, the transistor company has the intention of annulling the contract since it is not happy with undertaking business with the pacemaker company. Step 4: The decision undertaken by the directors of the transistor company had different ideas on the best solution. Moreover, there was no policy guideline on how to make the correct decision. There were no policies to guide on making the correct decision since the pacemaker technology was quite new in the medical field (Mill 172). As a result, the directors had to look into the ethical implications of their decision and the effect happiness of all stakeholders. Alternative solutions have to be developed in accordance with the utility tests and these decisions will consider the groups that the alternative decision would affect. In the case of our company, the best alternative solution would be to an acquisition by the pacemaker company. This alternative would save the pacemaker company from going under and at the same time help in th e continuous production of pacemakers (West 83). However, this solution would disadvantage the company and its other customers other than the pacemaker company. Rights Test A rights test is conducted with the main aim considering the respect of human rights. In the case of the Pacemaker Company and Transistor Company the rights of different stakeholders are analyzed. Step 1: The directors of the pacemaker company have the right to property and they make decisions on behalf of the company. However, while exercising their rights the directors cannot infringe the rights of the directors and employees of the pacemaker company from making a living. Patients who receive the pacemakers also have a right to life and good healthcare and thus their rights also have to

No Guns - fewer Shootings Essay Example for Free

No Guns fewer Shootings Essay Allowing guns on campus would be a dreadful idea, it would increase more violent acts as well as putting staff and students at risk of being injured or even result in death. Not only this but students, as well as everyone on campus, would feel extremely unsafe. By allowing guns on campuses we would we be supporting violence, as well as giving shooters a higher opportunity to commit a crime. This would leave the victims defenseless and at risk of being murdered, raped, kidnapped, or be hurt in any other method. Not only this but anyone who is not mentally stable can misuse a gun and this can even lead to a suicide. Guns on college campuses ought to be banned because they will simply increase the problem with regards to shootings, unnecessary deaths and increase crime rates. We all have to keep in mind that colleges already have a high-risk factor for drugs, alcohol, and stress in academics. Including weapons would cause a bigger problem on a college campus and put everyone in danger. This can result in the misuse of the weapon and fire a gun by accident or simply shoot someone because you truly dislike a person. Many adolescents will commit a crime and sometimes don’t think of the consequences that are going to come with their actions. Jade Reindl and Jean Cocco mention in their CNN piece, â€Å"Say no to guns on college campuses† explains how if a gun is present at the moment of a sexual assault or any form of assault it is more likely that the person will die. This is suggesting that if a gun is in existence at the moment of a crime there is a higher risk of a fatal accident happening. We understand that some students might feel safer knowing they have a way of protection, but how will this make other students on campus feel? They will f eel unsafe in an environment that is supposed to be â€Å"safe† for all students. Also, knowing that someone is carrying a gun will make a student feel like they need to be careful around them. As a community, we also have to take in consideration that some people are not mentally stable: whether they are depressed or suffer from anxiety and will most likely misuse the weapon. This can result in a person committing suicide or attempting for their life.   Furthermore, having guns on campus will not solve any problems, if anything it will create more. On the contrary, proponents of guns within campus advocate that they will be more safe and protected if they were able to carry a concealed handgun in a college campus to protect themselves in case of a shooting, or even from a sexual assault. Also, those citizens who are responsible enough should have the opportunity to protect themselves against a shooter. By allowing the students as well as staff, to carry a gun there won’t be as many victims whereas if they didn\t have any weapon to defend themselves there would be a higher chance of being the victim. Neal Hutchens in his GOOD EDUCATION piece â€Å" 11 States Allow Students To Carry Guns On College Campuses. More could be Next† he mentions that allowing students and faculty to carry a gun with them will decrease the number of shootings as well as decreasing the number of deaths. Also, it has been said that there is a higher possibility of a shooting happening somewhere else rather than a college campus so why not al low people to carry a gun. Subsequently allowing guns on campus can help people defend someone who is at risk of being hurt resulting in saving lives. Not only this but supporters believe that a gun in a classroom would not affect anyones learning or concentration in class. Not only this but students believe that they should have the right to protect themselves with a weapon in case it is necessary. In addition, supporters of concealed guns will advocate for guns since they think it is the best way to protect themselves and knowing that at least they have a gun to protect themselves from any potential threat. Lastly, they believe that allowing guns on campus should be a right given to everyone for the safety of everyone that can help reduce many deaths. Despite the fact that allowing guns on campus would be a terrible decision made by the voters who agree with guns on campus we would simply be encouraging mass shooting and many other horrific incidents. An example of a horrific accident that happened is the mass shooting at Virginia Tech University in 2007. This left many families devastated due to the loss of a loved one. Although proponents of guns believe that a gun in a classroom would not distract anyone, in reality, it would because if any classmate knew that someone had a gun on them they would feel tense and nervous all the time. Even if a person had a gun on them to protect themselves they might not know how to use it adequately and cause more problems. Concealed guns overall are hardly ever used in the appropriate form and that is why we always are having horrific scenes of violence, and mass shooting which just simply terrorize our community. People simply misuse a gun often either because they are angry or maybe even fee l sad or depressed. When affecting our whole community, the children are growing up afraid and scared as well as the parents, knowing that at any moment a bullet can just end someone\s life in a second. Not just this but even though college students believe that by giving them the opportunity to carry a gun we are treating as the adult. The thing about this is that even though we are treating them like the adult by giving them this huge responsibility, there are still some adult who misuse a weapon. Therefore, not giving college students the ability to carry a concealed gun would have more benefits rather than allowing them to carry a gun. In short, not allowing guns on campus would make everyone feel in a safe environment where they don’t have to be afraid of the constant shooting happening. Not just this, but they will be able to focus on their studies and in class rather than thinking all the time that they can be shot at any moment. Sometimes people think the best way to protect themselves on a college campus is the best way but in reality, it can result in many accidents occurring. Students and staff will ultimately feel safer in a free gun zone rather than a place that is surrounded by a gun every corner you walk around. Carrying a gun is a huge responsibility and not everyone is willing to accept the consequences if they use the weapon inappropriately, so it would just be better to save ourselves that problem and not allow guns on campus.

Edgar Allen Poe and Humor Essay -- Edgar Allen Poe Humorous Essays

Edgar Allen Poe and Humor Edgar Allen Poe is most often recognized, and certainly most famous, for his poem â€Å"The Raven† as well as other decidedly dark and often gothic poems and stories, stories such as â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher,† â€Å"The Telltale Heart† â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† He also wrote many others mostly involving rather macabre, dark topics and characters as well as heavy themes such as insanity, madness, incest, murder and revenge. While this reputation is certainly well earned there is another side of Poe that is not quite so obvious. Poe was also a master of humor, especially in the use of parody and satire. One might ask how is it that a writer with such an inclination towards the darker side of humanity can possibly write humorously, and do it with such skill. Poe’s brand of humor is decidedly different than that which the mainstream contemporary audience is used to and can readily understand, but it is there if one cares to look cl osely. The style of Poe’s humor is not like that of the mainstream humorous writers in that he does not use the common comic strategies, but he instead â€Å"was able to turn his wit on the masses of society or their rulers with trenchantly satiric effect† by creating situations so ridiculous and outrageous that it becomes hysterical (Budd 133). Or as John Bryant says â€Å"he was a satirist specializing in burlesque, parody, and hoax. Humor was not his style, nor benevolence his manner; †¦ Poe’s barbed humorous stories are driven by caricature rather than character† (88). Some of Poe’s more humorous stories are â€Å"How to Write a Blackwood Article,† and â€Å"A Predicament,† and maybe not so obviously â€Å"The Murders in the Rue Morgue.† In a close look at â€Å"How to Write a Blackwoo... ...er because â€Å"his well known theory of the short story consistently emphasizes the importance of each and every detail in constructing the effect that †¦ an author of a short story has to have clearly in mind before beginning the task of composition† (Haugen 102). It may not be what the casual reader of Poe is expecting, or even wanting, but it is exactly what Poe intended and in truth that is what makes it humorous. Works Cited Bryant, John. Melville and Repose: The Rhetoric of Humor in the American Renaissance. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Budd, Louis J, and Edwin H. Cady, eds. On Poe. Durham: Duke University Press, 1993. Haugen, Hayley Mitchell, eds. Readings on: The Short Stories of Edgar Allan Poe. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, Inc.2001. Poe, Edgar Allan. The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan Poe. New York: Vintage Books, 1975.

Ah Q in Modern China

Chinese national character has long been tied up with the issue of â€Å"face,† and how best to â€Å"save† it.   The idea that what is important in any situation is not so much the actual outcome, but the way the situation looks to outsiders.This concept has been an enduring one from the feudalist imperial system that ruled China for two thousand years throughout its turbulent 20th century history of civil war and communism.It is a contributing factor to most of the major political and historical events that have taken place there, such as the Cultural Revolution, the annexations of Tibet and Xinjiang, the attitude towards Taiwan, the Tian’anmen Square Protests, and even the economy that grows at an average of 10% per year for over fifteen years.It is also well represented in China’s literature and cultural life.   Many authors from the late Qing Dynasty onward have tried to define a Chinese national character through their works.   One of the most successful of these was Lu Xun.Born in Zhejiang province and educated in Japan, Lu Xun dedicated his works, both fiction and non-fiction, to the goal of defining Chinese qualities and healing the spiritual and moral needs of the Chinese people.   His most famous story was The True Story of Ah Q, published in a newspaper beginning in late 1921.It features a village loser who does nothing notable and is looked down upon by all who encounter him.   This story, however, has become ingrained in the Chinese culture and scholars such as Lee Ou-fan maintain that it holds influence even today.One of the major ways the story portrays saving face is in the way Ah Q relates to his defeats.   When he does something wrong, such as insulting someone for no good reason by not holding his tongue, he gets beaten up, but he then justifies it by claiming it to be an outrage that people like his â€Å"sons† could beat him up.His psychological victory is enough for him to justify anything, n o matter how pathetic it seems to the other villagers.   When he loses his gambling money in a mob, he justifies it by slapping himself so that he’ll have something to feel victorious over (Lu).This relates to Chinese mentality in general, from government actions to individuals.   The way China deals with any situation is to put a good face on it or to cover it up.   Passing an anti-secession law, such as the one the Party Congress enacted in 2005 for the show effect it would have on Taiwan, is only one in a long line of examples.Refusing to re-evaluate their currency in relation to the dollar, the lack of acknowledgement about SARS and AIDS, the blocking or censoring of websites such as google, wikipedia, and the BBC, the banning and rehabilitation of filmmakers such as Zhang Yimou and now Jia Zhangke-each contributes to the argument that Chinese character has not changed since Ah Q’s time.Another enduring aspect of Chinese mentality skillfully depicted here is that of the mob.   We see mobs in everyday village life, such as the gambling mob that steals Ah Q’s money, and also when he teases the nun.   While most people are at least respectful of religious individuals, no one in the crowd does anything but laugh as Ah Q disgraces the nun in order to get attention.He touches her bare skin and insinuates that she sleeps with a monk, both of which are extremely insulting, but no one does anything but laugh (Lu).   This kind of onlooker crowds can be found anywhere in China when there is a fight or traffic accident.   They reached the peak of their violence during the Cultural Revolution, in which many people were denounced before just such mobs of jeering onlookers.Mobs also come into the story near its end, when the sweep of history enters the quiet village in the form of the Xinhai Revolution of 1911.   Here the mobs try and loot the homes of anyone who is not â€Å"revolutionary,† meaning those of the wealthy.In the end, Ah Q is caught and executed as a scapegoat for the looting.   The end of this character is as unspectacular as the rest of his life had been.Through telling the story of this kind of small man, Lu is expressing his concern that the â€Å"average† Chinese person is becoming too much like Ah Q, and will be too afraid to participate when the real revolution comes around.That real revolution is still around the corner, and it remains to be seen if the growing Chinese middle class will ever be so discontent as to make a real change to their totalitarian government.The people today still need to take Lu’s message to heart and realize that the actions of their government are viewed by the outside world the way a reader views Ah Q, as idiotic praising of past and hoping for future while neglecting the present by worrying more about â€Å"saving face† than any concrete action.Beijing can move all the Han people it wants into Tibet and Xinjiang, but it will never e radicate or assimilate these two different ethnicities completely, and will only require more â€Å"saving face† in the future when the never-ending sectarian violence escalates.Lu was very observant in pointing out these weaknesses in Chinese character, and the PRC would do good to take on his message as well, instead of just celebrating his image because Mao had him declared a communist hero.His true ideas were much more individualistic than what he is reduced to, and maybe someday China will truly see the significance of this great writer and thinker.Works CitedLu, Xun.   â€Å"The True Story of Ah Q.†Ã‚   Trans. Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang.   Foreign Languages Press, Peking, 1960, 1972.   Ah Q! Performance Project.   16 Apr. 2007   .

Alfred Lubrano How College Corrupts

Alfred Lubrano How College Corrupts BY robn215 College is the next stepping stone to better or advance ones social standing in life, whether it is moving from a blue collar lifestyle to white collar, or to continue to further their career path. However, it comes with an â€Å"unavoidable result. † Alfred Lubrano discusses this â€Å"unavoidable result† in his text â€Å"The Shock of Education: How College Corrupts. † Lubrano discusses the topic of how furthering ones education opens more possibilities but at the same time distances those held most dearly.He explains that the more knowledge gained, the bigger the gap caused between friends and family due to differences in levels of knowledge. That distance is greatly increase if one comes from a poorer region where blue collar workers are the social norm. For instance, conversations within lower class households come off more militaristic due to the fact that all opinions are â€Å"dictated by group consensus,â⠂¬  where what the class says is so. Juxtaposed to the middle class household where they are talked to as adults..Lubrano does not try to dissuade one from attending college, he simply shines a light onto a hidden matter that is not discussed when continuing ones education. Lubrano hits the nail on the head about the distance gained when continuing ones education with friends and family, but does not consider the fact about that distance being magnified as a first generation American. One of Alfred Lubrano's main points was how college distanced childhood friends as well as loved ones.He describes how he learned to â€Å"self-censor† himself nd only discussed â€Å"general stuff,† because it was undiscerning to his father, a blue collar working man. Not to mention that listening to a freshman discuss the topics of race, equality, or politics, was as unsettling as â€Å"riding in a car with a new driver. † In fact, Lubrano's professor himself told his class not to discuss what they have learned in class, Marxist theory, because it would â€Å"mess up the holiday. † Under those circumstances, one can only imagine the distance lost trying to elaborate the topics discussed.Lubrano does an excellent Job of demonstrating the distance gained from the sheer fact of furthering ones education but does not consider the aloofness of first generation students trying to advance their educational life. I am a first generation college student and my parents were nothing but proud of me when I talked to them about continuing my education, as a matter of fact, they even bragged about it to other family members as well as bought me new items for school, clothes, shoes, and a laptop.But, neither they nor I was prepared for the detachment that as brought upon by trying to further ones education. During my first year of college I was exposed to the lifestyle of being completely â€Å"free. † I had attended Penn State University, which is about fo ur and a half hours away from Philadelphia, and during that time I had become wild and rambunctious. This was mainly due to the fact that within Asian households, the children are raised and taught in a completely different manner than an American household even though I was born and raised in Philadelphia.However, I was raised both by Vietnamese standards of discipline and espect without questioning authority, whilst also being raised on American standards of critical thinking and questioning everything. As you can tell those two standards of living are not exactly compatible. So, when college presented itself with the opportunity ot finding oneselt, I indulged As a consequence ot turtnering my education, I had lost some of my Asian roots and as you can tell; when I returned home I was not the same person. I was a smarmy freshman with a year of college under my belt with the mindset of being a completely independent adult.Causing omplications within my family and distancing ourselv es from one another. It was even more difficult because I could not discuss exactly what was affecting my relationship with my parents due to a language barrier. Granted, I did know how to speak to them in Vietnamese, but not without struggle. This due to the fact that as a child, I was more interested in watching Saturday morning cartoons than talking to my family. Alfred Lubrano does a good Job of describing exactly how furthering ones education causes a divide between friends and family.For example, he had to â€Å"self- ensor† his thoughts and separates which topics he talked about in order to not upset his family. However, he does not discuss the topic of how being a first generation college student can cause an even bigger divide between family due to different cultural beliefs and the language barrier. Again, Alfred Lubrano does not try to dissuade one from continuing ones education whatsoever, in fact he encourages it. Lubrano Just tries to expose a hidden agenda that most people do not discuss about, and that is how college causes a divide between family and friends.

Vodafone Developing a Total Communications Strategy in the UK Market

Vodafone Developing a Total Communications Strategy in the UK Market Comparison of the Four Industries in terms of Industry Attractiveness Using Porter’s Five Forces, a comparison of the four industries (fixed line, mobile, television and broadband) can be undertaken to demonstrate their attractiveness. UK customers have more discretion to choose which company to use in the provision of fixed line, mobile and television services, hence these industries are continually registering less profits due to customers’ power. However, the broadband industry is increasingly growing as there are fewer companies offering the services due to huge capital costs involved, hence customers have less power in this industry. The suppliers’ power, reflected by the services and infrastructure offered by British Telecom (BT) to various companies within the sector, is minimal in all the four industries owing to the many regulatory frameworks that have been developed and implemented by Ofcom (Office of Communications). Owing to low suppliers’ powe r, companies such as Vodafone can leverage on the profit potential by using BT’s networks and infrastructure to expand services.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Vodafone: Developing a Total Communications Strategy in the UK Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From the case, it is clear that the high rivalry between competitors has negatively affected the profit and customer subscription margins in the fixed line, mobile and television industries. However, the broadband industry is still attractive to investors due to minimal rivalry among competitors. However, as the fixed line industry faces a minimal threat of new entrants owing to the fact that customers are increasingly using newer technologies, the other three industries – mobile, television and broadband – face real threats of new entrants not only because of their potential for continued growth and profitability, but also due to the ongoing acquisitions and partnerships affecting these industries. Lastly, in analyzing threat of substitute products, it can be argued that both the mobile and television industries face this threat as mobile providers bring into the market new mobile devices with enhanced capacity to roll out all the services in one single gadget, and as TV service providers look for innovative products that may enhance customers’ experiences. These opportunities provide adequate space for the proliferation of substitute products within the communications sector. However, the broadband industry may not attract such a threat due to the high capital costs involved in rolling out its services. Similarly, the fixed line industry may not attract substitutes due to the nature of infrastructure and networks used. Key Drivers of Change in the Communication Industry From the case scenario, the key drivers of change in the communication industry include technological advancements, acquisitions, pr oducts and services diversification, willingness to collaborate, speed, flexibility and competition. In technological changes, it is clear that the digital revolution has forced most companies in the UK’s communication industry to reassess not only how to effectively and efficiently provide traditional voice services to their existing customers, but emerging high-band data, television and video services as well.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, a number of major players in the industry are increasingly acquiring smaller firms to expand their customer base, reach and profitability. Surprisingly, a few major players are willing to partner or even merge to sustain leadership and competitiveness, while benefiting immensely form the economies of scale as well as shared infrastructure. Products and services diversification, in my view, is acting as a key driver to change for allowing the expansion of customer base with tailor-made products and services that satisfy specific needs and expectations of the customers. Moving on, it is clear that most companies operating in the industry are currently expending huge financial resources to develop fast and flexible networks, or to acquire other firms with such networks, with the view to enhancing customer value propositions and satisfaction. Vodafone, for example, has initiated a project to upgrade its Internet network from 3G to 4G to achieve faster speeds and flexibility. Lastly, there is intense competition within the industry for customers and market share, implying that companies must continually shift their strategies to remain competitive. The impact of these drivers will reflect in terms of a more streamlined sector, with companies attempting to buddle their services together and market them to customers in one package. Change in the UK’s Communication Industry From the case scenario, it is clear that the UK’s communication industry is increasingly changing from the provision of traditional voice services using the fixed line industry to the adoption and expansion of digitised functions with capacity to provide data and video to customers. Consequently, as customer figures and profit margins for voice services drop over the years, it is expected that technology will play a major role in developing a framework that will enable industry players to expand into the mobile, television and broadband industries. More importantly, it is envisaged that more operators will make huge investments in the broadband industry due to its attractiveness (see Porter’s analysis), and also due to the fact that it has the capacity for continued growth. Consequently, by 2015, more companies operating in the UK’s communication industry will have developed capacities to roll out broadband Internet services in large scale as all evidence points to the fact that the broadband industry can also be used to provide mobile and digital television services. It is expected that services such as cable television and radio may become obsolete by 2015 as technological advancements, stiff competition from new service providers, proliferation of IP-based networks and mounting penetration of broadband Internet services drive companies operating in the UK’s communication industry to converge their services. However, it is highly unlikely that the fixed line industry will become obsolete by 2015, though profit margins in this industry are likely to continue plummeting into the future.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Vodafone: Developing a Total Communications Strategy in the UK Market specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Overall, the industry is expected to be more attractive as services are converged not only due to opening up of many new opportunities for existing service providers and entrepreneurs (e.g., a mobile phone operator will have the capacity to sell digital music and movies using broadband Internet), but also due to improvements in customer satisfaction and retention (e.g., customers will be more satisfied for purchasing various services in a low-cost package). Vodafone’s Strategy Going into the future, Vodafone should change its strategies to reflect the realities on the ground, especially with regard to convergence of services in the UK’s communication’s sector. To achieve its objective of being a ‘communications leader in an increasingly connected world’, the company must not only invest heavily in new and emerging communication technologies, but must be ready to partner with other like-minded companies in the pursuit of more customers and opportunities for continued growth, competitiveness and sustainability. The concept of partnering with other companies or even acquiring small firms within th e industry, in my view, is a ripe one for Vodafone if it expects to rise into the leadership position. Additionally, partnering and acquisitions will ensure the company expands its networks and customer base without having to make huge capital investments in network infrastructure. Additionally, Vodafone stands at a better position to become the communications leader if its drives its operational performance through customer value enhancement to satisfy and retain existing customers while looking out for new ones, pursue growth and expansion opportunities in total communications (mobile, television and broadband) focussed on service delivery to customers rather, pursue emerging markets particularly in developing countries to increase customer base and revenue streams, and strengthen its capital discipline to ensure that more money is freed up for meaningful investments.

Lopez Surname Meaning and Origin

Lopez Surname Meaning and Origin Lopez is a  patronymical surname meaning son of Lope. Lope comes from the Spanish form of Lupus, a Latin personal name meaning wolf. The Lopes variation of this surname often originates from Portugal. Lopez is the  21st most popular surname in the United States and the 4th most common Hispanic surname. It is also among the top five most common last names in Argentina. Surname Origin:  Spanish Alternate Surname Spellings:  Lopes, Lopaz, Lopas Famous People with the Surname Lopez Jennifer Lopez - American actress and pop singerGeorge Lopez - comedianMario Lopez - American actorJosà © Là ³pez Portillo y Pacheco - former President of MexicoFrancisco Solano Là ³pez - former President of ParaguayNancy Lopez - popular LPGA American golfer Genealogy Resources for the Surname Lopez 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Common Hispanic Surnames Their MeaningsLearn about the origins of Hispanic last names, and the meanings of many of the most common Spanish surnames. Lopez Family Tree WebsiteA Web site for all descendants of Basilio Là ³pez and Sabina Jalandoni from the Basilio Lopez Family Association. Lopez Group DNA ProjectThe Lopez Family Project at FamilyTreeDNA seeks to find common heritage through sharing of information and DNA testing. Any variant spellings of the Lopez surname, including Lopes, are welcome. Lopez Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Lopez surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Lopez query. FamilySearch - LOPEZ GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Lopez surname and its variations. LOPEZ Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Lopez surname. DistantCousin.com - LOPEZ Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Lopez. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Total quality management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Total quality management - Research Paper Example The various marketing challenges have led to the emergence of the Total Quality Management (TQM), which lays emphasis on the fast and timely supply and delivery of goods. TQM is instrumental in improving the productivity of the organization since the evolvement of the concept. TQM approach helps in improving the quality of services and goods on a continuous basis, which involves participation of individuals at every level and phase of organization. This concept also helps in the integration of activities which constitutes of various managerial systems and is the prime determinants of the sustainable competitive advantage. Being one of the leading beverages of the world, Coca Cola believes in creating long term value and training the employees in such a way that they understand the changing market trends and forces which will shape the company’s future. ... The study will also highlight the operational procedures and the management systems of the company. The study will give an insight into the various TQM practices of Coca Cola regarding the production of goods and services. Finally, the study will conclude with recommendations for the improvement in Coca Cola’s process measurement and management systems. Background of the Company: Coca Cola Ltd Coca Cola is regarded as one of the leading beverage corporations of the world which is headquartered in Georgia. The company specializes in manufacturing carbonated beverages throughout the countries worldwide Except Cuba and North Korea. The carbonated cola beverages was initially formed by John Pemberton in the year 1884 and by the year 1886 the company sold 3 version of carbonated cola drinks to various business individual units. The main objective of the company was to lay emphasis on the needs and requirements of the customers and provide a congenial work atmosphere. Presently, the company offers more than 3500 products in more than 200 countries worldwide (Coca Cola, 2013a).The company tries innovative and unique methods to develop core products which suit the taste bud of the customers and also cater to their needs. Presently, the company manufactures carbonated beverages in varied flavors, juices, energy drinks and juices. Organizational Strategies The marketing strategy of the company includes the manufacturing of carbonated beverages and satisfies the customer needs and requirements. One of the major objectives of the company is to understand the customer needs. Understanding the customer requirements is essential in developing the products as per the customer

Feminist Analysis of Pop Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Feminist Analysis of Pop Culture - Essay Example Women were projected as mere puppets, and men became all the more chauvinist and domineering. Thus, a need for Third-wave feminism arose, which could deal with the changing norms of objectification. The third-wave feminism provided a strong base that not only transferred the improper objectification in the favor of women, but also upheld womanhood irrespective of race, color, ethnicity and sexual-orientation. Literature and media gained influence from Third-wave and hence, a new-age approach towards feminism developed. This paper is an attempt to identify the core beliefs of new form of feminism, and will analyze its representation in media through a movie that follows similar lines. For this paper, acclaimed director Zack Snyder's year 2011 movie Sucker Punch has been selected to be reviewed, which comprehensively displays post-feminist discourse and entails a convincing portrayal of third-wave feminism in popular culture forms. Understanding Third-Wave Feminism: Feminism in contemp orary era has evolved into a modernized (I-e well-acquainted with the current scenarios) avatar known as the post-feminist approach. According to Judith Butler, the very essence of third-wave feminism implies that â€Å"challenging gender roles alone will be inadequate to effect social change. The new goal for feminist and sexuality movements should be to defy the faith in the existence of an innate sexuality and natural sex categories† (Hull 54). The theory entails that women do not need to fight for gaining self-identity, or long to change the sex-based symbolism in a male-oriented society. Instead, it suggests that women should acknowledge their womanhood and use it to empower themselves; instead of despising being a female, they have to use their femininity for achieving the maximum benefits. Constructivism rules this new doctrine. According to Leslie Heywood and Jennifer Drake â€Å"contradiction marks the strategies and desires of third-wave feminists† (Zeisler 1 16). Empowerment is the best word that can describe the approach of this barely structured but extremely powerful theory of feminism in the present age. It cleverly switches gear and transforms significant norms that targeted women before into a tool for them. That is because stereotypical concepts and images that were termed as embodying womanhood, actually were a product of male preferences. The discrimination based on color, physique and race, and â€Å"mirroring the erasure of black womanhood from pop culture† emerged because they preferred white women (Hooks 264). Sex-display genre, which included pornographic images, restrictive attires like corsets, performances like erotic dances, and strip-tease, etc., developed to further objectify women and they became entities of gaining pleasure only (Nally 621). Third-wave feminism re-applied these self-induced norms from a female-benefiting perspective. The take of contemporary females of pop culture, and eminent third-wave act ivists on the genre of sex-display has been an ironic one, and as per Judith Butler’s queer theory, it is also comical. A culture of giving men what they want to see but at the same time being in control and making fun of male preferences started off convincingly with Madonna, and has come of age now with the likes of Lady Gaga, Gwen Stefani and Kei$ha (Halberstam 8). Rachel Shteir describes that today â€Å"

The harmful value of value meals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The harmful value of value meals - Essay Example For instance, Yum! Brands Inc., has established 38,000 restaurants globally; and McDonalds has set-up a total of 33,000 chains from all over the continent. Hence, it is no surprise why fast food is already served at restaurants, drive-through, schools and universities, bus stations, airports, and even at hospitals. People’s fast food preference may be due to the fact that it is served quicker; thus, allowing them to maximize their time and become more efficient in their daily tasks. Likewise, others opt to buy fast food for their meal because it is delicious and very affordable. However, little did they know that as they consume more and more fast food each day, they are putting themselves in high danger of acquiring various fatal diseases. Obesity Obesity (i.e. a body mass index of greater than or equal to 30) is one of the detrimental effects of too much fast food consumption. According to Brindal et al., fast food contains highly dense and high level of fats and calories pe r serving high (113). Thus, over-consumption of fast food makes people more susceptible to gaining weight, which usually exceeds the normal status. According to the World Health Organization (â€Å"Obesity and Overweight†), since the year 1980, the total number of global-wide obesity has doubled; and just recently, the total number of people who are obese has reached more than 500 million. Obesity makes people’s life more difficult and hassle because people with a very heavy weight cannot move freely, which makes less mobile. As an effect, they may develop other complications like being bow-legged (especially for obese children), sleep disturbances like sleep apnea, asthma, arthritis, and poor surgical and childbirth outcomes (for mothers) Clarke (â€Å"Health Risks†). The worst is, WHO (â€Å"Obesity and Overweight†) made it clear that obesity is more deadly than being underweight. Aside from the physical danger brought by obesity to people, it may also put them in a state of emotional crisis. Obesity may lead to depression because of the hormonal imbalance that happens inside the body as more fats are consumed (Bessesen, Hill and Wyatt). Aside from that, being obese, unfortunately, increases their chances of being the subject of negative judgment, severe bullying, and social discrimination. Considering the societal norm of beauty and ideal body structure, being obese does not qualify to the established standards. Thus, obese individuals need to handle those emotional and social challenges in which only few may endure. Some may resort to suicide because for them, it is better to end their lives than to continuously experience the trauma of being rejected. Apparently, this is how far fast food eating can throw people. By merely wanting to experience the comfort fast food offers, they need to carry the physical and emotional burden it brings. However, this is just one of the reasons why it is practical to abolish the practice of eati ng fast food. Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 diabetes is another health problem that may arise as a result of fast food eating. Fast foods such as soft drinks or soda, French fries, shakes, sandwiches, burger, pizza pies, etc. are rich in carbohydrates (Clarke â€Å"Why is Fast Food†). Too much carbohydrate intake increases the level of the blood component triglyceride, which results to either, failure of the pancreas to produce enough amount of insulin or body system’s improper insulin use (Clarke â€Å"Why is Fast Food†). This scenario exposes individuals to the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, for sugar in their body will build up in the bloodstream instead of being utilized for energy. For instance, in the

Factors That Influence Traditional Marketing

Factors That Influence Traditional Marketing Recently it has been evidenced in some literature that, ICT applications such as workflow systems, groupware systems, e-mail, and data transfer through Internet and videoconferencing may have diluted some of the traditional market functions which were used by many marketers in facilitating their day to day marketing techniques. This new way of doing business has some effects to the future market due to the different levels of technological advancement the community has. In terms of implications for global marketing, the impact of ICT activities would have its strongest impact on product development decisions. The trend towards modular designs and the companion platform product strategy in which a firm designs a common core with different versions for different segments is likely to accelerate.1 Principally, marketing is the science of choosing target markets through market analysis and market segmentation, as well as understanding consumer buying behavior and providing superior customer value still needs a wider discussion.2 The main goal of marketing is to make profit by satisfying customer demands and needs. It is also a strategy that can make a business to grow and become powerful. It is the market target which will define the type of marking structure the marketers might choose to adopt. However, there is an ongoing battle between these types of marketing such as traditional marketing and the marketing which utilizes the advancement of information technology in determining which is better than the other. This being the case; there is a need of identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each marketing type. Objectives: The main objective of this paper is to examine the impact of ICT on Traditional Marketing and to discuss the prospects and challenges of the changing roles for future marketing. Methodology: The group worked on different materials from the internet, books, journals, interviews and class presentation on marketing and marketing management Conclusion: Basing on different presentations, books, papers and some formal and informal interview answers, the authors have come to a conclusion that, the combination of the two ways of marketing may be important for successful marketing functions in global markets. With respect to emerging the ICT revolution, internet which is mostly used as a communication channel it has a large impact in marketing and a strong tool of reaching large audience. INTRODUCTION: ICT is an acronym that stands for Information and Communication Technology. ICT is used in marketing as a process of marketing a product or service using the information communication technology channels. ICT marketing being a process of marketing a product or service using the advanced Information communication technology, it utilizes strategies like website creation, search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads, social media, pay-per-click advertising and email marketing. In this process, marketing a brand using digital media is used to help connecting business to their customers. Business activities are conducted via the worldwide web (www) with the aim of attracting new business, retaining current customers and/or business and developing its brand identity. The application of ICT in marketing helped in achieving marketing objectives and the modern marketing concepts which enables marketers to distribute their products and increase their customer base and makes it easier for stakeholders to access market and management data, share information and to build trading partnerships. As a marketing tool; ICT has attracted more customers and has influenced marketing decisions due to its easy accessibility and utilization hence adds value and improved company business and revenues. It enables consumers to collect information as the prices can be accessed online. However, marketers need to make creative and innovative use of information employing both technology and intuition to tease out trends and opportunities. Adding on the application of ICT in marketing, Strauss et al (2003)3 suggest that ICT in marketing covers a wide range of IT related applications with three main aims such as one; transforming marketing strategies to create more customer value through more effective segmentation, targeting, two; differentiation and positioning strategies; planning and executing the conception, distribution, promotion and pricing of goods, services and three satisfy individual consumer and organizational customers objectives. Marketing Marketing can be said to be the management process through which goods and services move from concept to the customer. It includes the coordination of product, price, place and promotional strategy. Marketing consists of the strategies and tactics used to identify, create and maintain satisfying relationships with customers that result in value for both the customer and the marketer. Marketing is based on thinking about the business in terms of customer needs and their satisfaction and it differs from selling because selling concerns itself with the tricks and techniques of getting people to exchange their cash for your product. It is not concerned with the values that the exchange is all about. And it does not, as marketing invariably does, view the entire business process as consisting of a tightly integrated effort to discover, create, arouse and satisfy customer needs.4 Led by marketing scholars from several major universities, (name the personauthor who say this.)5 substantiate the development of marketing in large part be motivated by the need to dissect in greater detail relationships and behaviors that existed between sellers and buyers. In particular, the study of marketing led sellers to recognize that adopting certain strategies and tactics could significantly benefit the seller/buyer relationship. Basic Marketing Functions Marketing is all about identifying and meeting human and social needs. it is the art which marketers use to understand their customers. There are some basic marketing functions highlighted as follows:- Market Research and Information Management, Product Management, Market management , Sales management, Physical distribution management and Promotion research. 2.0. Overview of Traditional Marketing Traditional marketing utilizes strategies like direct sales, TV, radio, mail, print advertising eg. Magazines, coupon, books, billboards, and promotional materials. A marketer who adopts the traditional method will use the unique selling proposition to market a particular product from a particular brand with less number of competitors. However, this adaptation to the marketing plans and strategies end in advertising. The method believes that, advertising which exposes the product to the world and places it is the best platform to target customer. Traditional marketers understand marketing to be comprised of four mixed facets, known as the Four Ps: Price, Product, Placement and Promotion. 2.1. Factors that influence the traditional marketing: With selling as the ultimate goal, marketing strategies are influenced by two basic factors: first is acquisition of customers, second is retention of the acquired customers. So every other strategy that is laid out will focus on these two. A Company has to work closely towards achieving these factors to attain the desired cutting edge over its competitors. Together with the two factors; there are also a few other objectives such as creating awareness through information and education of the product, brand-building and accelerating sales which must accompany the utilization of the traditional marketing factors. Traditional marketing encourages person-to-person selling as a most popular marketing strategy. Customers can directly be able to see the product, test it and decide to buy a product or service he has seen. Moreover, it is a marketing type which is tangible as it offers hard copy material. There is something to be said about handing a consumer some tangible printed material they can flip through at their leisure. With few advantage of a Traditional Marketing, there is however negative factors that brings changes such as expensive Cost Prohibitive: Purchasing advertising for TV, radio or print can be very costly prohibitive to most small businesses. Printing hard copy brochures, business cards and mailers is expensive. When using the traditional mode, it is difficult to track results. It is like throwing things against the wall and hoping they stick. It is tough to track real quantitative results. This being the case, it is usually requires outside help by using things such as printing materials, buying media and creating radio advertisements all require hiring outside help, which adds to costs. Lastly, the method forces upon consumers to a product or service, they dont necessarily ask for it. 3.0. Over view of the ICT Society forces have managed to facilitate the creation of the new marketing behavior and opportunities. With the advances in technology, globalization, privatization, retail transformation, customer buying power; which brings more accurate level of production, technological advances, make it easier for the markets to increase efficiency, branding, collect richer information, direct selling and quick delivery of product. ICT as a means to facilitate eMarketing is concerned with the storage, retrieval, manipulation, transmission or receipt of digital data. Importantly, it is also concerned with the way these different uses can work with each other to achieve a certain objective. 3.1. Factors affecting ICT in marketing The ICT has some advantages and disadvantages in the marketing. Some of them are that when the marketer use this marketing type, it is easier to measure the results. Data and results are available immediately when needed for decision making. These data can be made using both real data and qualitative results on whether to market certain product or service or not as the data collecting system is accurate and is governed by programmes which are computerized. ICT has the ability to drill down into your demographics to accurately reach your target market. The use of social media and networking allow the marketers to communicate directly with groups or even individual consumers. The ability to build direct relationships with your customers via social media and communities is guaranteed. ICT can facilitate, marketing research, company can facilitate and speed up internal communication, achieve substantial savings by using the internet to compare sellers price and purchase materials With some few advantages, ICT has some disadvantages such as time consumptions, third party ability to mismanage posted information, sources of power to run the machines, save the strong and lose the weak, Searching in the web to obtain the product or service required time and space. Consumer is forced to search for a required product in different webs to obtain a brandy needed. With the utilization of time, this mode is not of benefit. There is no reliability and customers interaction hence increase intangibility. Customer has to choose whether to buy the product displayed in the web or choose for the other product elsewhere. The art of interaction increases ownership and customer brand loyal to a certain product. It can be highly demanding on the web owners as it requires continuous content creation, edited, approved and published comments must be responded to and sites and pages must be maintained every time. This requires manpower which is effective and can quickly respond to the customer needs. Furthermore, the use of ICT can create classes as it saves the strong and loses the weak. It is the stronger who can manage to pay for the services and be able to access the ICT marketing hence the middle and lower class customers who cannot access the web pages are exonerated. Impact of ICT in Traditional Marketing Functions The two types of marketing are geared towards obtaining maximum marketing results with customer satisfaction as a major objective. Marketing being a collective process where individuals can exchange goods or services based on their needs and wants, the marketing mix principle of the product, price, place and promotion is used. (10) [Philip Kotler, 2003, Marketing Management]. However, each one is useful depending on the desired objective, population and especially the marketing mix the community has. ICT maintains a database of information for record purpose, analysis, research and production of management reports is enhanced for decision making, physical distribution is enhanced through fleet tracking systems, warehouse stock monitoring tools, distribution monitoring and controls, promotion research, etc. the traditional marketing has also database depending on the retail and selling of the product for the warehouse to retail outlets, advertising and customer responses to the advertised product. Customers in the ICT marketing cannot experience the quality and size of the product by just seeing it on the website in the same way as seeing the product in a physical store. The attitude of not being able to reach and feel the product physically, can create doubts for the customer and have an effect on his/her purchasing decision.11 (Philip Kotler) whereas in the traditional marketing product is tangible for the customer to touch, view and feel. When it comes to a range of products offered through Internet compared to physical stores used in the traditional marketing, there is an advantage of possibility for a company to offer a wide range of products on their website.12 The issues that can appear here are cost and space for inventory and store space itself, where there is a connection between cost and space in the traditional marketing. The issue of customer service and how it can reach the customer has some impact on both marketing modes. It is more difficult to provide customer service through Internet compared to face to face contact when the customer visits the physical store or a selling point. The customer can get a quick response and reaction from the staff when getting a service in the physical store, where as through Internet the customer is dealing with a so called fixed service. And even though there might be possibility for communicating through e-mail or support chat function, the response and communication of service will not be as personal and quick as it could be when communicating face to face. One issue that can affect the customers choice of purchase is the warranty of the good. This gives comfort to customers, both in traditional marketing and Internet marketing but most importantly it gives the secure feeling to those purchasing online. The customer that cannot see and touch the product when purchasing it would feel more secure knowing that there is a warranty on the product and this would make the choice of purchase easier and less risky. The pricing of a product can be based on the costs of its process in reaching the market. When a company does Internet marketing it has a bigger opportunity to save costs and therefore a bigger possibility to have lower prices on a particular product. The traditional marketing has more cost implications as one of the reasons for this is the cost of space for keeping the products than the cheap way of communication through internet by e-mail. When marketing through Internet, the competition is very tough with the effect in the pricing setup. The competitors are a click away when a potential customer is searching for information on the Internet. Since payments for purchase through Internet are done by credit card mostly, there can be some security issues that create problems. For example a customer would feel more secure paying in the physical store where they can have more control over the payment process; whereas purchasing online is by taking a risk when giving the credit card details. In traditional marketing, companies have the opportunities to decorate the stores in order to create a specific atmosphere that can attract customers. Some attractive tools to create that atmosphere can be music, colors, tea, coffee etc, but through Internet marketing it is almost impossible to create a real sensation since a website is just a virtual image. Even though many of the websites try to create an atmosphere by adding the same tools for attraction, they cannot create as real experience as can be created in the physical store. The atmosphere of the store is mentioned to be very important for sales of the products. For example if you see an unorganized store just filled up with some clothes you hardly feel tempted to go in and look for anything. The way the store is decorated gives a message about the company and its style. When one thinks about this, one can realize the importance of the physical existence of the store. Think for example how the company could offer the same atmosphere through the website. But in the end the experience of stepping into the store is different than clicking on computer when shopping. Internet helps companies to be reachable at any time, regardless of openings hours that physical stores require. Also the possibility for the customers to reach the store location online and the range of customers that can do that is much wider compared to the physical location of the store. When it comes to promotion, one thing which is clear is the difference between the communication through traditional and Internet is the speed. Speed of getting the message of advertisement, news or any type of information through to customers is very quick through Internet. This is a very important issue in the competitive world of business. Another difference between promotion by Internet and promotion by traditional ways is the durability of the marketing message the marketer wants to communicate with the customers. In traditional manner, the message would receive attention during a limited amount of time, for example as it is aired on TV or sent out as paper advertising, whereas on the Internet, the message to the customers can exist constantly on the companys website. Through a website, a company can present itself in many ways where the customer can study different aspects of the company and get to know it well where as this is not possible in the same way through traditional tools for promotion. For example the complexity of wide range of information cannot be easily fitted into a magazine advertising or TV commercial etc. The tools for traditional promotion can be used mainly in communicating the message shortly and consistently. There is also a burden of maintaining a website or online commercials that consume time, resources, technology, skills and money will be mostly used. But this should be weighted out by the accessibility and opportunity they provide. The traditional marketing only requires the selling channel which can be physically observed and maintained. Nowadays a large group of consumers have the problem of time but have the money to spend; therefore it can be easier for them to shop online and saving time when spending. The image, speed, design and generally every aspect of the website of a company is very important. 5.0. Prospects and Challenges of the changing roles for future marketing 5.1. Prospects for future Marketing: As it was discussed earlier, marketing is largely affected by societal forces which then affect marketing behaviors and opportunities. Recent approaches in marketing with a focus on the customer, business marketing or industrial marketing with focus on an organization or institution and social marketing with focus on benefits to society, have creates new forms of marketing such as the internet marketing or more generally e-marketing, online marketing, search engine marketing, or desktop advertising. This marketing attempts to perfect the segmentation strategy used in traditional marketing. It targets its audience more precisely, and is sometimes called personalized marketing or one-to-one marketing. Internet marketing is sometimes considered to be broad in scope, because it not only refers to marketing on the Internet, but also includes marketing done via e-mail and wireless media. Technological advancements can lessen barriers between countries and regions. By using webs, firms can quickly dispatch information from one country to another without much restriction. Prior to the mass usage of the Internet, such transfers of information would have taken longer to send, especially if done via snail mail (postal mail), telex, etc. The advancement in technology provides companies with a new tool for direct marketing and advertising that may be cost effective and provide maximum delivery to targeted customers. Recently, there has been a large emphasis on data analysis. Data can be mined from various sources such as online forms, mobile phone applications and more recently, social media. Marketers can collect fuller and richer information about markets, customers, prospects and even competitors. Internet marketing makes the market reachable at anytime regardless of the time and opening hours restrictions that the physical store may require. Shopping of product and services can be done on line and selling transactions is concluded within a short time. It saves time to attend and concentrate on one item. Product or service can be represented in different designs and quickly utilized when viewed under the internet. During this time of globalization, the technological advancement has overtaken all other means of life so do the market atmosphere. With Internet, marketers have a great opportunity to offer sales promotions such as competitions or price reductions to those who visit the companys website. This can encourage the customers to visit that website again and this way of interacting with the customers provides the means for the company to build a long term relationship with their customers. Internet is a new medium for public relations and it offers companies the opportunity to publish the news directly while in traditional marketing they would wait for periodical publications or brochures. They can use Blogs, Podcasts/ Internet radio shows, online newsrooms and media kits. 5.2. Challenges for the changing roles for future marketing Legal issues and specific Internet legislation are vitally important and online marketers should fully be aware of the law wherever they trade whether it is within their own national boundaries, or inside an economic trading bloc such as the European Union or in other nation states. Time, money, litigation and public relations damage can be avoided by being familiar with the relevant legislation and applying to the organisations both in the public and private sector. The problems associated with the Internet that marketers must understand and respond to such as customer resistance to change, especially older and disadvantaged people; public concerns over privacy issues, such as SPAM and chat-rooms, lingering security doubts over fraud and phishing (hackers) and network security and stability (worms). Lack of trust with unknown virtual traders, the Internets sensory boundaries limiting of senses like taste and touch which influence buyer decisions, limited web access for low-income groups and those in rural areas, continued high costs of broadband connections deterring high speed take up, social impact of the Internet such as debts generated from online gambling. Poor levels of online customer service and fulfillment, technology gap between users and providers, complexities of cross-border trading, failure to provide an exciting and reliable online shopping experience. CONCLUSION It has been observed that, ICT has played a significant role in changing the marketing functions in the market. Many of the consulted sources such as internet sites, books, marketing thesis and journals, company marketers who were interviewed, made a reference to the changes which occurred in the community which automatically necessitated the dimension of the type of marketing marketers might use. The future trends of marketing include not only the economy but of communication with brandy of the products or service to measure result and brandy awareness. Traditional marketing takes a little more trust that the impact of your efforts is helping your bottom line. With Internet marketing you can see real facts and every detail that leads to reaching the goals and allows making decision based on facts while the traditional way may face some difficulties when required to show data that leads to achieving the goals. However, the best way to really know how effective your marketing approach is to see exactly what the audience is responding. Internet marketing allows studying every detail about the audience in real time. Although Internet Marketing is better at reaching the targeted audience, the traditional marketing is known for its reach to a mass audience. There are ways that traditional marketing can target certain demographics depending on a television channel or show, radio station genre or industry magazine. However, traditional marketing will never be able to target as precisely as Internet marketing. With Internet marketing one can target even the smallest audience based on a variety of things. Internet marketing provides better word-of-mouth as an effective marketing. The fact that social media allows people to build a community and let others spread positive feedback about the product or service. People will normally trust word-of-mouth much more than traditional ads that tries to convince you about the benefits of a product or service. These will emphasis on the tactics that are working and eliminate anything that is not effective. Traditional marketing develops a campaign and then hopes that it will work. This makes it difficult for traditional agencies to test new ideas or even look into all of the details to determine the effectiveness of a campaign. More companies are now moving away from traditional marketing towards Internet marketing. Companies are shifting money from traditional marketing to Internet marketing because Internet marketing is a more effective way to show proven results. Moreover, provision of valuable information to people creates a positive impression which helped in creating marketing. It also helps in reaching people who may not have any pre-existing interest or knowledge of your company. Despite the fact that education and sensitize on the advantages of ICT use in marketing is vital, the issues of internet security, privacy and international trading laws should also be emphasized. Despite the development of the internet; traditional marketing strategies are still proven to be highly effective when carried out in the right way. Nowadays are hundreds of other traditional marketing methods that people still use to market their business everyday and they do work, but due to the living standards we have today, response to these methods is quietly low.